Conjunction
Conjunction
In this chapter, you will learn how to list nouns, verbs, and adjectives in a sentence. In addition, you will learn a variety of conjunctions that show relationships between sentences.
Listing nouns with と to (exhaustive), や ya (partial), か ka (disjunctive), and も mo (addition)
Use the particle と to for listing two or more items exhaustively, as in A, B, and C. Place the particle after each noun you want to list, except the very last one. For example:
1. メアリーさんとエミリーさんが来ました。
Mearī-san to Emirī-san ga kimashita.
Mary and Emily came.
2. テレビとパソコンとカメラを買いました。
Terebi to, pasokon to, kamera o kaimashita.
I bought a TV, a PC, and a camera.
Use the particle や ya for listing two or more items just as examples, as in A, B, C, and so on. With や ya, you can imply that there are more items in addition to the listed items. For example:
1. 私はビールやワインを 飲みました。
Watashi wa bīru ya wain o nomimashita.
I drank beer, wine, etc.
2. 中国や韓国やシンガポールに行きました。
Chūgoku ya Kankoku ya Singapōru ni ikimashita.
went to China, Korea, Singapore, etc.
Use the particle か ka for listing two or more nouns disjunctively, as in A, B, or C. For example:
1. このネクタイは父か兄か叔父にあげます。
Kono nekutai wa chichi ka ani ka oji ni agemasu.
I will give this tie to my father, my older brother, or my uncle.
2. あの人は中国人か日本人です。
Ano hito wa Chūgokujin ka Nihonjin desu.
That person is Chinese or Japanese.
For listing items as additions, as in A, B, and C, too, use も mo. (See Chapter 7 for more about も mo.) In this case, the particles が ga and を o are completely dropped, and other particles such as に ni and で de are repeated after each noun. For example:
1. 兄は東京にも大阪にも住んだことがあります。 Ani wa Tōkyō ni mo Ōsaka ni mo sunda koto ga arimasu. My older brother has lived in Tokyo and Osaka, too.
2. 僕はチョコレートもクッキーもケーキも好きです。 Boku wa chokorēto mo kukkī mo kēki mo suki desu. I like chocolate, cookies, and cakes, too.
Listing nouns with と to (exhaustive), や ya (partial), か ka (disjunctive), and も mo (addition)
Use the particle と to for listing two or more items exhaustively, as in A, B, and C. Place the particle after each noun you want to list, except the very last one. For example:
1. メアリーさんとエミリーさんが来ました。
Mearī-san to Emirī-san ga kimashita.
Mary and Emily came.
2. テレビとパソコンとカメラを買いました。
Terebi to, pasokon to, kamera o kaimashita.
I bought a TV, a PC, and a camera.
Use the particle や ya for listing two or more items just as examples, as in A, B, C, and so on. With や ya, you can imply that there are more items in addition to the listed items. For example:
1. 私はビールやワインを 飲みました。
Watashi wa bīru ya wain o nomimashita.
I drank beer, wine, etc.
2. 中国や韓国やシンガポールに行きました。
Chūgoku ya Kankoku ya Singapōru ni ikimashita.
went to China, Korea, Singapore, etc.
Use the particle か ka for listing two or more nouns disjunctively, as in A, B, or C. For example:
1. このネクタイは父か兄か叔父にあげます。
Kono nekutai wa chichi ka ani ka oji ni agemasu.
I will give this tie to my father, my older brother, or my uncle.
2. あの人は中国人か日本人です。
Ano hito wa Chūgokujin ka Nihonjin desu.
That person is Chinese or Japanese.
For listing items as additions, as in A, B, and C, too, use も mo. (See Chapter 7 for more about も mo.) In this case, the particles が ga and を o are completely dropped, and other particles such as に ni and で de are repeated after each noun. For example:
1. 兄は東京にも大阪にも住んだことがあります。 Ani wa Tōkyō ni mo Ōsaka ni mo sunda koto ga arimasu. My older brother has lived in Tokyo and Osaka, too.
2. 僕はチョコレートもクッキーもケーキも好きです。 Boku wa chokorēto mo kukkī mo kēki mo suki desu. I like chocolate, cookies, and cakes, too.